A reference is a scalar value which "points to" any variable References to named variables are created using the the unary \ operator (much like the & operator in C) $myReference = \$myScalar; $myReference = \@myList; $myReference = \%myHash; References to named variables are dereferenced using the the scalar $ operator print "myScalar = ", $$myReference, "\n"; print "myList = ", @$myReference, "\n"; print "myHash = ", %$myReference, "\n";