Parentheses () define a new list @foo = ( "apple", "bat", "cat" ); The scalar $ plus [] references one element (note: indexes start at 0) $foo[0] = "ape"; Creating and setting an element $foo[3] = "dog"; Assigning multiple element values $foo[1,3] = ( "bear", "dear" ); Adding new elements @foo = ( @foo, "elk" ); # Append @foo = ( "ace", @foo ); # Prepend